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Discourse on Voluntary Servitude
The ''Discourse on Voluntary Servitude, or the Anti-Dictator'' ((フランス語:Discours de la servitude volontaire ou le Contr'un)) is the most famous work of Étienne de La Boétie. The text was written probably around 1549 and published clandestinely in 1576 under the title of ''Le Contr'un'' ("The Anti-One" or "The Anti-Dictator").
The date of preparation of the ''Discourse on Voluntary Servitude'' is uncertain: according to recent studies it was composed by Étienne de La Boétie in the period of the university, that is around his 22 years. However, according to his closest friend Michel de Montaigne, the speech would be even earlier, written when he was about 18 years old.〔Rockwell, Lew (11 February 2011), p. 38. n. 2. "Having remained long in manuscript, the actual date of writing the ''Discourse of Voluntary Servitude'' remains a matter of dispute. It seems clear, however, and has been so accepted by recent authorities, that Montaigne's published story that La Boétie wrote the ''Discourse'' at the age of eighteen or even of sixteen was incorrect. Montaigne's statement, as we shall see further below, was probably part of his later campaign to guard his dead friend's reputation by dissociating him from the revolutionary Huguenots who were claiming La Boétie's pamphlet for their own. Extreme youth tended to cast the ''Discourse'' in the light of a work so youthful that the radical content was hardly to be taken seriously as the views of the author. Internal evidence as well as the erudition expressed in the work make it likely that the ''Discourse'' was written in 1552 or 1553, at the age of twenty-two, while La Boétie was at the university." See Paul Bonnefon (1892), pp. 390–1; and Donald Frame, ''Montaigne: A Biography'' (New York: Harcourt Brace, & World, 1965), p. 71 (37–38 n. 2).〕
==Content==
The essay argues that any tyrant remains in power until his subjects grant him that, therefore delegitimizing every form of power. The original freedom of men would be indeed abandoned by society which, once corrupted by the habit, would have preferred the servitude of the courtier to the freedom of the free man, who refuses to be submissive and to obey.
This relation between domain and obedience would be resumed later by anarchist thinkers. Lew Rockwell summarizes La Boétie’s political philosophy as follows:
To him, the great mystery of politics was obedience to rulers. Why in the world do people agree to be looted and otherwise oppressed by government overlords? It is not just fear, Boetie explains in “The Discourse on Voluntary Servitude,” for our consent is required. And that consent can be non-violently withdrawn.〔Rockwell, Lew (11 February 2011), (Étienne de la Boetie and Egypt ), ''LewRockwell.com''〕
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